19th century

Gravenhorst Johann Ludwig Christian 1777-1857

1800 – an arbitrary date but it was around this time that systematists began to specialise. There remained entomological polyhistors – those who continued to work on the insect fauna as a whole. From the beginning of the century, however, the specialist began to predominate, harbingered by

Johann Wilhelm Meigen Johann Wilhelm Meigen (3 May 1764 – 11 July 1845) was a German entomologist famous for his pioneering work on Diptera. Life Early years Meigen was born in Solingen, the fifth of eight children of Johann Clemens Meigen and Sibylla Margareth ...

's ''Nouvelle classification des mouches à deux aile'' (New classification of the Diptera) commenced in the first year of the century.

Lepidopterists Lepidopterology ()) is a branch of entomology concerning the scientific study of moths and the three superfamilies of butterflies. Someone who studies in this field is a lepidopterist or, archaically, an aurelian. Origins Post-Renaissance, t ...

were amongst the first to follow Meigen's lead. The specialists fell into three categories. First there were

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

describers, then specialists in species recognition and then specialists in gross

taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

. There were however considerable degrees of overlap. Also then, as now, few could entirely resist the lure of groups other than their own, and this was especially true of those in small countries where they were the sole 'expert', and many famous specialists in one order also worked on others. Hence, for instance, many works which began as butterfly faunas were completed as general regional works, often collaboratively. "Man is born not to solve the problems of the universe, but to find out where the problem begins, and then to restrain himself within the limits of the comprehensible"

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as t ...

''Conversations with Eckerman: Feb. 13, 1829'' 1800 *

Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck Jean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, chevalier de Lamarck (1 August 1744 – 18 December 1829), often known simply as Lamarck (; ), was a French naturalist, biologist, academic, and soldier. He was an early proponent of the idea that biolog ...

first expressed his views on evolution in lectures. * The total number of species of insects described is estimated at not exceeding the figure of 20 000. 1801 *Publication of Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck. ''Système des animaux sans vertèbres ou tableau général des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux''. Paris:Deterville in English, 'System of invertebrate animals or general table of classes, orders and genera of these animals' *

Johan Christian Fabricius Johan Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is co ...

''Systema eleutheratorum'' commenced. In a series of successive works to 1806

developed a classificatory system based entirely on the structure of the mouthparts. *

Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger (19 November 1775 – 10 May 1813) was a German entomologist and zoologist. Illiger was the son of a merchant in Braunschweig. He studied under the entomologist Johann Hellwig, and later worked on the zoological colle ...

's ''Magazin für Insectenkunde''or Insect Magazine commenced in Brunswick (last issue 1856). One of the first insect magazines. *Marie Françoise Xavier Bichat. ''Traité d’anatomie descriptive'', in English, 'Treatise on descriptive anatomy published in Paris'. This work laid the foundations of a unified structural terminology. * The Aurelian Society meets in London ''"To form a complete and standard cabinet of the entomological productions of Great Britain:- to ascertain their names, uses, and distinctions:-the places and times of their appearance, food economy and peculiarities :- and to point out to the public the readiest and most desirable methods of destroying such as possess properties that are inimical to the welfare of mankind"'' *First part of

Pierre André Latreille Pierre André Latreille (; 29 November 1762 – 6 February 1833) was a French zoologist, specialising in arthropods. Having trained as a Roman Catholic priest before the French Revolution, Latreille was imprisoned, and only regained his freedom ...

's Historie naturelle, ''générale et particulièredes crustacés et des insects'' in English, 'General and particular natural history of crustaceans and insects', published in Paris by Dufart. 5817 pp.(14 volumes last published in 1805). In this and succeeding works (1806–1809, 1810, 1825, 1829 Latreille, following Linnaeus, divides the insects into Orders(at first these are called classes), invented the important family concept and also the tribus, proposed the families

Asilidae The Asilidae are the robber fly family, also called assassin flies. They are powerfully built, bristly flies with a short, stout proboscis enclosing the sharp, sucking hypopharynx. The name "robber flies" reflects their notoriously aggressive pre ...

Muscidae Muscidae are a family of flies found in the superfamily Muscoidea. Muscidae, some of which are commonly known as house flies or stable flies due to their synanthropy, are worldwide in distribution and contain almost 4,000 described species i ...

, Syrphidae and

Tabanidae Horse-flies or horseflies are true flies in the family Tabanidae in the insect order Diptera. They are often large and agile in flight, and only the female horseflies bite animals, including humans, to obtain blood. They prefer to fly in s ...

(Diptera) as supra generic and erected the insect orders: Parasita, Perliarae, Megaloptera and Panorpatae. * Lamarck and

Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (4 February 1776, Bremen – 16 February 1837, Bremen) was a German physician, naturalist, and proto-evolutionary biologist. His younger brother, Ludolph Christian Treviranus (1779–1864), was also a naturalist ...

, separately proposed term "biology" for the whole science of living things. * Pietro Rossi becomes the world's first professor of entomology in Pisa. 1802 *

Charles Nicholas Aubé Charles Nicholas Aubé (6 May 1802 in Paris – 15 October 1869), was a French physician and entomologist. Aubé studied at the school of pharmacy in Paris, joining in botanical sorties organised by its members and by the Museum. Gaining his ...

born. 1803 *

''Rhyngotorum secundum ordines''…Reichard, Brunsvigae. Published. *

Adrian Hardy Haworth Adrian is a form of the Latin given name Adrianus or Hadrianus. Its ultimate origin is most likely via the former river Adria from the Venetic and Illyrian word ''adur'', meaning "sea" or "water". The Adria was until the 8th century BC the mai ...

Lepidoptera Britannica (1803–1828) published. This was the most authoritative work on British butterflies and moths until

Henry Tibbats Stainton Henry Tibbats Stainton (13 August 1822 – 2 December 1892) was an English entomologist. He served as an editor for two popular entomology periodicals of his period, ''The Entomologist's Annual'' and ''The Entomologist's Weekly Intelligencer''. ...

's ''Manual'' in 1857. *

Johann Rudolph Schellenberg Johann Rudolph Schellenberg (4 January 1740, Basel – 8 June 1806, Töss, a district in the city of Winterthur) was a Swiss artist, writer and entomologist best known for his illustrations of insects. During his career he performed illust ...

''Genres des mouches Diptères représentés en XLII planches projettées, dessinées et expliquées par deux amateurs de l'entomologie'' published in

Zürich , neighboring_municipalities = Adliswil, Dübendorf, Fällanden, Kilchberg, Maur, Oberengstringen, Opfikon, Regensdorf, Rümlang, Schlieren, Stallikon, Uitikon, Urdorf, Wallisellen, Zollikon , twintowns = Kunming, San Francisco Zürich ...

. * Jakob Heinrich Laspeyres ''Kritische Revision der neuen Ausgabe des systematischen Verzeichnisses von den Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend''.Braunschweig, Karl Reichard. 1804 * Jacob Hübner ''Sammlung Europaischer Schmetterlinge'', in English, 'Collection of European Butterflies', published in

Augsburg Augsburg (; bar , Augschburg , links=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_German , label=Swabian German, , ) is a city in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, around west of Bavarian capital Munich. It is a university town and regional seat of the ...

. *

Caspar Erasmus Duftschmid Caspar (or Kaspar) Erasmus Duftschmid was an Austrian natural history, naturalist and physician who made significant contributions to entomology, especially Coleoptera. He was born in Gmunden on 19 November 1767 and died in Linz on 17 December 18 ...

''Fauna Austriae'', in English, 'Austrian fauna' commenced publication. *

Jacob Sturm Jacob Sturm (21 March 1771 – 28 November 1848) was a leading engraver of entomological and botanical scientific publications in Germany at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. He was born and lived in Nuremberg and was th ...

''Deutschlands Insecten, Käfer'', in English, 'German Insects, Beetles' commenced. This work was not completed until 1856. Like many insect faunal works, this was planned to cover all orders but got no further than beetles. *

Thomas Marsham Thomas Marsham (1748–26 November 1819) was an English entomologist, specializing on beetles. Biography He married a Miss Symes of Ufford, Northants, and had two daughters. He was Secretary to the West India Dock Company for many years and d ...

. ''Entomologica Britannica sisterns Insects Britanniae Indigena Secundum Linneum disposita'' in English, 'British Entomology comprising native British insects disposed (according to) Linnaeus’ second edition. The first British beetle fauna this work treated Coleoptera only. * Jean Frederick Hermann ''Mémoire Aptérologiquepublished by F.L. Hammerin Strasbourg. 1805 *

Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot de Beauvois Ambroise Marie François Joseph Palisot, Baron de Beauvois (27 July 1752, in Arras – 21 January 1820, in Paris) was a French naturalist and zoologist. Palisot collected insects in Oware, Benin, Saint Domingue, and the United States, from 17 ...

1805-1821 ''Insectes Recueillis en Afrique et en Amérique'', in English, 'Insects found in Africa and America' *

Prodromus Entomology ''Prodromus Entomology'' is one of the earliest books about Australian natural history, and the first book about Australia containing plates engraved in Australia. The full title of the first edition is ''Prodromus Entomology. Natural History o ...

published 1806 *

Carl August Dohrn Carl August Dohrn (27 June 1806 – 10 May 1892) was a German entomologist. Biography Born at Stettin ( Szczecin, now Poland) Carl August was the son of Heinrich Dohrn, who was a wine and spice merchant, and had made the family fortune by tradi ...

born in Germany (States) * Anders Gustaf Dahlbom (1806–1859) born in Sweden. * Pierre André Latreille ''Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum Secundum Ordinem Naturalem in Familias Disposita, Iconibus, Exemplisque Plurimus Explicata'' 4 vols. Paris 1257pp. commenced, completed 1809. Latreille wrote a series of works each revising his previous classification. *Jacob Hübner. ''Tentamen determinationis, digestionis atque demonstrationis singularum stirpium Lepidopterorum, peritis ad inspiciendum et disjudicandum communicatum.'' published in Augsberg. In English, the title reads 'Preliminary examination. An attempt to fix, arrange and name the individual races of Lepidoptera to experts for examination and the expression of an opinion'. As its title states, this was a discussion document. Inadvertently published, it led to subsequent nomenclatural confusion. *

Maximilian Spinola Maximilian Spinola ( it, Massimiliano Spinola; July 10, 1780 – November 12, 1857) was an Italian entomologist. Background Spinola was born in Pézenas, Hérault, France. The family of Spinola was of very long standing and had great wealth a ...

''Insectorum Liguriae'' etc. published in Genoa, Italy. * André Marie Constant Duméril, 1806 ''Analitische Zoologie''. Published in both French and German. This was an important text for its methodology of classification. 1807 *

Louis Jurine Louis Jurine (; 6 February 1751 – 20 October 1819) was a Swiss physician, surgeon and naturalist mainly interested in entomology. He lived in Geneva. Surgeon He studied surgery in Paris and quickly acquired a great reputation for his expertis ...

''Nouvelle Méthode de Classer les Hyménoptères et les Diptères'', in English, 'New method of classifying Hymenoptera and Diptera'. Published in Genève (Geneva). *Birth year of three specialists in Diptera,

Hermann Loew Friedrich Hermann Loew (19 July 1807 – 21 April 1879) was a German entomologist who specialised in the study of Diptera, an order of insects including flies, mosquitoes, gnats and midges. He described many world species and was the first specia ...

, Alexander Henry Haliday and Camillo Rondani *

Guillaume-Antoine Olivier Guillaume-Antoine Olivier (; 19 January 1756, Les Arcs near Toulon – 1 October 1814, Lyon) was a French entomologist and naturalist. Life Olivier studied medicine in Montpellier, where he became good friends with Pierre Marie Auguste Brous ...

''Le Voyage dans l'Empire Othoman, l'Égypte et la Perse''. *1807:

Agostino Bassi Agostino Bassi, sometimes called de Lodi (25 September 1773 – 8 February 1856), was an Italian entomologist. He preceded Louis Pasteur in the discovery that microorganisms can be the cause of disease (the germ theory of disease). He discovered ...

(1773–1856) begins research on a disease of the silkworm caused by fungi, preceding work of Louis Pasteur. 1808 *Publication date of Johann Cristoph Friedrich Klug Die Blattwespen nach ihren Gattungen und Arten zusammengestellt. ''Mag. Ges. Naturf. Freunde'', in English, 'The leaf wasps arranged according to their genera and species'. *

''Entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Coléoptères''. 1809 * Lamarck's views on evolution were fully elaborated in his ''Philosophie zoologique'' in which he also arranged animals according to relationships and was first to employ the genealogical tree. 1810 *

redefined the order Orthoptera (Latreille, 1796). This Order has been subject to constant revision. *

Franco Andrea Bonelli Franco Andrea Bonelli (10 November 1784 – 18 November 1830) was an Italian ornithologist, entomologist and collector. Life Very little is known about the early life of Bonelli: he was born in Cuneo and was interested from an early age in the ...

published ''Observations Entomologique''. * George Perry began'' Arcana'', also titled ''The museum of natural history''. Bonelli Franco Andrea 1784-1830

1811 * Gustaf von Paykull, ''Monographia Histeroidum'' Suecicae published in Upsalla. A monograph is a very complete work on a restricted subject, in this case

Histeridae Histeridae is a family of beetles commonly known as clown beetles or Hister beetles. This very diverse group of beetles contains 3,900 species found worldwide. They can be easily identified by their shortened elytra that leaves two of the seven ...

. This is one of the first entomological monographs. * Kurimoto Masayoshi ''Kurimoto's Iconographia Insectorum''or Insects of Japan published. 1812 *Birth of the entomologist Mary Ball. *Volume 1 of the ''Transactions of the Entomological Society of London'' published (though the Society officially dates from 1832) 1813 * William Kirby erected the orders

Trichoptera The caddisflies, or order Trichoptera, are a group of insects with aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults. There are approximately 14,500 described species, most of which can be divided into the suborders Integripalpia and Annulipalpia on the b ...

and

Strepsiptera The Strepsiptera are an order of insects with eleven extant families that include about 600 described species. They are endoparasites in other insects, such as bees, wasps, leafhoppers, silverfish, and cockroaches. Females of most species never ...

* Jean Baptiste Boisduval, ''Faune Entomologique de Madagascar''published. 1814 *

William Elford Leach William Elford Leach FRS (2 February 1791 – 25 August 1836) was an English zoologist and marine biologist. Life and work Elford Leach was born at Hoe Gate, Plymouth, the son of an attorney. At the age of twelve he began a medical appre ...

, ''Zoological Miscellany'' begun at London. *

Carl Fredrik Fallén Carl Fredrik Fallén (born 22 September 1764 in Kristinehamn – 26 August 1830) was a Sweden, Swedish botanist and entomologist. Fallén taught at the Lund University. He wrote ''Diptera Sueciae'' (1814–27). Fallén described very many specie ...

, ''Diptera Sueciae'', in English, Diptera of Sweden published at Lund. Fallén's 484 page "Dissertation" this specialist work was published between 1814 and 1825 1815 *

founded the orders Phasmida, Anoplura, Thysanura and Rhaphidides; the hemipterous families Pentatomidae, Coreidae, Belostomidae; the dipterous family Tipulidae and the hymenopterous family Chrysididae and published the first bibliography of entomology in '' Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia''. * William Kirby and

William Spence (entomologist) William Spence (c.1783 – 6 January 1860) was a British economist and entomologist. Spence was born in Bishop Burton in the East Riding of Yorkshire, the oldest of four children of farmer Robert Spence. He was apprenticed to Russian mercha ...

, ''Introduction to entomology or elements of the natural history of insects''. 4 vols. London, Longman 2430pp. This masterwork commenced in 1815 and was completed in 1826. It is an outstanding achievement: an entomology and a system of higher units in which Kirby was much influenced by MacLeay. By 1818 it was in its third edition, one of the most popular scientific works of all time. * Johann Friedrich Eschscholtz embarks on the

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

n expeditionary ship "Rurik"1815-1822 *Publication of Tome 1 of Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck's ''Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres..'' completed with Tome 7 in 1822. Paris, Verdiere. 1816 * Jacob Hübner ''Verzeichniss bekanuten schmetterlinge'',in English, Catalogue of known butterflies published at Augsberg. * Marie Jules Cesar Lelorgne de Savigny, ''Mémoires sur les animaux sans vertèbres''published at Paris. *

Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville (; 12 September 1777 – 1 May 1850) was a French zoologist and anatomist. Life Blainville was born at Arques, near Dieppe. As a young man he went to Paris to study art, but ultimately devoted himself to natur ...

''Prodrome d'une nouvelle distribution systématique du règne animal'' Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris *Royal Saxony School of Forestry established at Tharandt. The school taught entomology and later the

dipterist Flies are insects of the Order (biology), order Diptera, the name being derived from the Ancient Greek, Greek δι- ''di-'' "two", and πτερόν ''pteron'' "wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwing ...

Samuel Friedrich Stein Samuel Friedrich Nathaniel Ritter von Stein (November 3, 1818 – January 9, 1885) was a German entomologist. He was Professor at the Royal Saxon Academy of Forestry in Tharandt from 1850–55; and Professor, and later Rector, at the Charles Unive ...

became its Director. *First issue of Oken's ''Isis, eine encyclopädische Zeitschrift, vorzüglich für Naturgeschichte, vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie'' published. Say Thomas 1787-1834

1817 *First volume of

Thomas Say Thomas Say (June 27, 1787 – October 10, 1834) was an American entomologist, conchologist, and herpetologist. His studies of insects and shells, numerous contributions to scientific journals, and scientific expeditions to Florida, Georgia, the R ...

's ''American entomology '' published in Philadelphia. The pioneering work of American entomology. Some of the illustrations were undertaken by

Titian Peale Titian Ramsay Peale (November 2, 1799 – March 13, 1885) was an American artist, naturalist, and explorer from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a scientific illustrator whose paintings and drawings of wildlife are known for their beauty an ...

. * Carl Rheinhold Sahlberg, Dissertatio entomologica insecta Fennica enumerans (Coleoptera) commenced. First work on the Coleoptera of Finland. Due to the efforts of Paykull,

Leonard Gyllenhaal Leonard Gyllenhaal (3 December 1752 – 13 May 1840) was a Sweden, Swedish military officer and entomology, entomologist. Born on the Ribbingsberg Manorialism, manor in Västergötland in west Sweden, Leonard Gyllenhaal was son of an army of ...

and Sahlberg the beetles of

Scandinavia Scandinavia; Sámi languages: /. ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. In English usage, ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Swe ...

were better known than in any comparable area at this date. 1818 *

''Systematische Beschreibung der Bekannten Europäischen zweiflugen Insecten'' 7 vols. Aachen and Hamm 2869pp., in English, Systematic Descriptions of known European Two-winged Insects commenced. The seven volumes spanned the years 1818-1830. ''Nouvelle classification des mouches à deux ailes''. Paris. New classification of the Diptera had already appeared, published in Paris. *

Carl Gustav Carus Carl Gustav Carus (3 January 1789 – 28 July 1869) was a German physiologist and painter, born in Leipzig, who played various roles during the Romantic era. A friend of the writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, he was a many-sided man: a doctor, ...

''Lehrbuch der Zootomie''. Leipzig. Lehrbuchs are student texts. This one is on anatomy, mainly dissection. * Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig Suckow ''Anatomisch-physiologische Untersuchungen der Insecten und Krustenthiere''. 70 S. mit 11 Kupfern. Engelmann, Heidelberg. * Georg Adolf Keferstein publishes a history of silk moth culture - Ueber den Bombyx der Alten in ''Magazin der Entomologie'', Halle 1819 * George Samouelle publishes ''A nomenclature of British Entomology, or a catalogue of above 4000 species of the Classes Crustacea, Myriapoda, Spiders, Mites and insects intended as labels for cabinets of Insects, etc., alphabetically arranged'' at London. 1820 * Carl Fredrik Fallèn ''Monographia Muscidum Suecia'' commenced. *

Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel (1774 – 10 January 1846) was a French soldier and entomologist. Life and career Philogène Auguste Joseph Duponchel was born in 1774 in Valenciennes, Nord, and died on 10 January 1846 in Paris. After studies ...

with

Jean Baptiste Godart Jean-Baptiste Godart (25 November 1775 – 27 July 1825) was a French entomologist. Born at Origny, Godart became impassioned by butterflies in his youth. He was charged by Pierre André Latreille (1762-1833) with writing the article on th ...

, in English, ''Histoire Naturelle des Lépidoptères de France''commenced. This was the first really good French butterfly fauna. *

Johann Fischer von Waldheim Gotthelf Fischer von Waldheim (russian: Григо́рий Ива́нович Фи́шер фон Ва́льдгейм, translit=Grigórij Ivánovič Fíšer fon Vál'dgejm; 13 October 1771 – 18 October 1853) was a Saxon anatomist, entomol ...

''Entomographia Imperii Russici, Genera Insectorum Systematice Exposita et Analysi Inconographia Instructa'' published in Moscow. *

Gustaf Johan Billberg Gustaf Johan Billberg (14 June 1772, Karlskrona – 26 November 1844, Stockholm) was a Swedish botanist, zoologist and anatomist, although professionally and by training he was a lawyer and used science and biology as an avocation. The plant g ...

''Enumeratio insectorum in museo Gust. Joh. Billberg. Typus Gadelianus''. 1821 * John Fleming ''Insect''a. In: ''Supplement to the fourth, fifth and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica, with preliminary dissertations on the history of the sciences''an important systematic work. 1822 * Jacob Johann Hagenbach ''Insectorum Helvetiae exhibentia vel species novas vel nondum depictas''.

Basle , french: link=no, Bâlois(e), it, Basilese , neighboring_municipalities= Allschwil (BL), Hégenheim (FR-68), Binningen (BL), Birsfelden (BL), Bottmingen (BL), Huningue (FR-68), Münchenstein (BL), Muttenz (BL), Reinach (BL), Riehen (BS), ...

1823 *

Philipp Franz von Siebold Philipp Franz Balthasar von Siebold (17 February 1796 – 18 October 1866) was a German physician, botanist and traveler. He achieved prominence by his studies of Japanese flora and fauna and the introduction of Western medicine in Japan. He w ...

begins natural history studies in Japan. Some of his many Japanese students take up entomology. The species they discovered were described in European journals without explicit attribution. They are honoured here. The invertebrate volume of Siebold's ''Fauna Japonica'' was undertaken by

Wilhem de Haan Wilhem de Haan (7 February 1801 in Amsterdam – 15 April 1855 in Leiden) was a Dutch zoologist. He specialised in the study of insects and crustaceans, and was the first keeper of invertebrates at the Rijksmuseum in Leiden, now Naturalis. He was ...

* Johann Wilhelm Dalman 1823, publishes ''Analeceta Entomologica'' Stockholm Duméril Constant 1774-1860

1824 * John Curtis with Alexander Henry Haliday and Francis Walker ''British Entomology, being illustrations and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland; containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are found'' 16 volumes 193 Folios 770 coloured plates commenced. A masterpiece of the engraver's and colourist's art, this work includes new classifications and many new species descriptions. The work falls between the illustrated works with little text of the previous years and the minimally illustrated revisions and monographs of later years. * Leon Jean Marie Dufour, ''Recherches anatomiques sur les Carabiques et sur plusiers autres Coléoptères.''published at Paris. 1825 *

''Familles Naturelles du Règne Animal'' published. In this publication the name

Insecta Insects (from Latin ') are pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates of the class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs o ...

is finally restricted to the hexapod arthropods here called Class Hexapoda. *

Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean Pierre François Marie Auguste Dejean (10 August 1780 – 17 March 1845), was a French soldier and entomologist. Dejean described a large number of beetles in a series of catalogues. A soldier of fortune during the Napoleonic Wars, he rose to ...

''Species Général des Coléoptères'' commenced (five volumes devoted to Carabidae) C. Aubé wrote the sixth on Hydrocanthares completing the work in 1838. It is a masterpiece of descriptive entomology. 1826 *Carl Fredrik Fallén '' Hemiptera Sueciae''. * William Kirby erected the order Aphaniptera for the fleas. *

William Sharp MacLeay William Sharp Macleay or McLeay (21 July 1792 – 26 January 1865) was a British civil servant and entomologist. He was a prominent promoter of the Quinarian system of classification. After graduating, he worked for the British embassy in Par ...

''Horae entomologicae'' 1827 *

Pierre Léonard Vander Linden Pierre Léonard Vander Linden (12 December 1797 – 5 April 1831) was a Belgium, Belgian entomologist. Works He was the author of ''Observations sur les Hyménoptères d’Europe de la famille des Fouisseurs'' (1827–1829). * P.L. Vander Linden ...

commenced ''Observations sur les Hyménoptères d’Europe de la famille des Fouisseurs''. *

Jean Nicolas Vallot Jean Nicolas Vallot (22 February 1771 in Dijon – 22 January 1860, idem) was a French entomologist. He wrote ''Détermination précise des insectes nuisibles, mentionnés dans les différents traités relatifs à la culture des arbres fruitiers, ...

published ''Détermination précise des insectes nuisibles, mentionnés dans les différents traités relatifs à la culture des arbres fruitiers, et indications des moyens à employer pour s'opposer à leurs ravages'' 1828 *

James Francis Stephens James Francis Stephens (16 September 1792 – 22 December 1852) was an English entomologist and naturalist. He is known for his 12 volume '' Illustrations of British Entomology'' (1846) and the ''Manual of British Beetles'' (1839). Early l ...

''Illustrations of British Entomology''published. *

Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (14 February 1776 – 16 March 1858) was a prolific Germany, German botanist, physician, zoologist, and natural philosopher. He was a contemporary of Goethe and was born within the lifetime of Carl Li ...

''Monographie der Ichneumone'' . A seminal work on

Ichneumonidae The Ichneumonidae, also known as the ichneumon wasps, Darwin wasps, or ichneumonids, are a family of parasitoid wasps of the insect order Hymenoptera. They are one of the most diverse groups within the Hymenoptera with roughly 25,000 species cur ...

in two volumes. *

Karl Ernst von Baer Karl Ernst Ritter von Baer Edler von Huthorn ( – ) was a Baltic German scientist and explorer. Baer was a naturalist, biologist, geologist, meteorologist, geographer, and is considered a, or the, founding father of embryology. He was ...

''Uber Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere'' published. Baer was an embryologist whose "biogenetic law" of recapitulation was a major reference point for 19th century

evolution Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes, which are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction. Variation ...

ary theory. *

Pierre Boitard Pierre Boitard (27 April 1787 Mâcon, Saône-et-Loire – 25 August 1859) was a French botanist and geologist. As well as describing and classifying the Tasmanian devil, he is notable for his fictional natural history ''Paris avant les homm ...

publishes ''Manuel d'entomologie, ou Histoire naturelle des insectes : contenant la synonymie et la description de la plus grande partie des espèces d'Europe et des espèces exotiques les plus remarquables'' (Roret,Paris) 1829 * Jean Baptiste Boisduval and

John Eatton Le Conte John Eatton Le Conte, Jr. (sometimes John Eatton LeConte or John Eaton Leconte) (February 22, 1784 – November 21, 1860) was an American naturalist. He was born near Shrewsbury, New Jersey, the son of John Eatton Le Conte and Jane Sloane ...

published first installment of ''Histoire général et iconographie des lepidoptérès et des chenilles de l’Amerique septentrionale'' at Paris. (English title: ''General history and illustrations of the Lepidoptera and moths (sic) of North(ern) America''.) Publication of installments continued through 1837

* Georges Cuvier, ''Regne Animalium'', in English, ''The Animal Kingdom'', published by Chez Deterville at Paris. *

Hermann Burmeister Karl Hermann Konrad Burmeister (also known as Carlos Germán Conrado Burmeister) (15 January 1807 – 2 May 1892) was a German Argentine zoologist, entomologist, herpetologist, botanist, and coleopterologist. He served as a professor at the Uni ...

''De Insectorum Systemate Naturali'' (Diss., Grunert, Halle) *

Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz Johann Friedrich Gustav von Eschscholtz (1 November 1793 – 7 May 1831)Sterling (1997) was a Baltic German physician, naturalist, and entomologist. He was one of the earliest scientific explorers of the Pacific region, making significant colle ...

''Zoölogische atlas enthaltend abbildungen neuer thierasten während Kotzebues Zweiter reise um die welt gesammelt'', in English, Zoological Atlas containing illustrations of the animals collected during Kotzebues etc.. Second travels around the world 1823-1826 published at Berlin. * Pierre Lyonet ''Anatomie de différentes espèces d’insectes'' published Paris *

, Jean Baptiste Boisduval and

. Iconographie et histoire naturelle des Coléoptères d’Europe. *

Alfred Brehm Alfred Edmund Brehm (; 2 February 1829 – 11 November 1884) was a German zoologist, writer, director of zoological gardens and the son of Christian Ludwig Brehm, a famous pastor and ornithologist. Through the book title ''Brehms Tierleb ...

's ''Tierleben'' (English title: Brehm's Life of Animals) commenced publication.Very popular it was published in many expanded editions the six volumes published between 1864 and 1869 was titled ''Illustrirtes Thierleben'', Ernst Ludwig Taschenberg wrote the entomological sections. *

Christian Friedrich Freyer Christian Friedrich Freyer (25 August 1794, Wassertrüdingen – 11 November 1885, Augsburg) was a German entomologist mainly interested in Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order of insects that includes butterflies and moths (both are cal ...

published ''Beitrage zur Geschichte europaischer Schmetterlinge mit Abbildungen nach der Natur''. 1830 *Controversy between Georges Cuvier and

Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (15 April 177219 June 1844) was a French naturalist who established the principle of "unity of composition". He was a colleague of Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and expanded and defended Lamarck's evolutionary theories ...

on the fixity of types. * Maximilian Perty ''Delectus Animalium Articulatorum quae in itinere per Brasiliam Annis MDCCCXVII - MDCCCXX Iussu et Auspiciis Maximiliani Josephi I. Bavariae Regis Augustissimi, percato collegerunt Dr J. B. de Spix et Dr. C. F. Ph. de Martius''. (completed 1834) 1831 *

Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville, also known as F. E. Guerin, (12 October 1799, in Toulon – 26 January 1874, in Paris) was a French entomologist. Life and work Guérin-Méneville changed his surname from Guérin in 1836. He was the author of ...

. ''Magasin de Zoologie, d’Anatomie Comparée et Palaeoentomologie'', in English, Magazine of Zoology, Comparative Anatomy and Palaeoentomology commenced publication. *

George Newport George Newport FRS (4 February 1803, Canterbury – 7 April 1854, London) was a prominent English entomologist. He is especially noted for his studies utilizing the microscope and his skills in dissection. Biography He was the first of four c ...

, Nervous system of ''Sphinx ligustri''. London *

Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville Jean Guillaume Audinet-Serville (; his name, before the Revolution, included a particle: Audinet de Serville) was a French entomologist, born on 11 November 1775 in Paris. He died on 27 March 1858 in La Ferté-sous-Jouarre. He was introduced to ...

published ''Revue méthodique de l’ordre des Orthoptères'' *

Thaddeus William Harris Thaddeus William Harris (November 12, 1795 – January 16, 1856) was an American entomologist and librarian. His focus on insect life cycles and interactions with plants was influential in broadening American entomological studies beyond a narrow ...

prepared a catalogue of insects for Edward Hitchcock's ''Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany and Zoology of Massachusetts''. * Jean-Baptiste Deyrolle, natural history dealer opened for business at 23, Rue de la Monnaie, Paris later assisted by his son

Achille Deyrolle Achille Deyrolle (2 October 1813 in Lille – 31 December 1865) was a French entomologist mainly interested in Coleoptera. Born in Lille Deyrolle eventually settled in Brussels where he worked with his father in the City Museum. He went on a scien ...

. Deyrolle et fils published many entomological works. 1832 *

Société Entomologique de France The Société entomologique de France, or French Entomological Society, is devoted to the study of insects. The society was founded in 1832 in Paris, France. The society was created by eighteen Parisian entomologists on January 31, 1832. The first ...

founded at Paris. The first president was

Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau (9 October 1770 – 23 August 1845), also spelled Lepeletier or Lepelletier, was a French entomologist, and specialist in the Hymenoptera. In 1833, he served as president of the Société ...

, ''Handbuch der Entomologie'', in English, ''Handbook of entomology'', commenced publication. *

Jules Dumont d'Urville Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville (; 23 May 1790 – 8 May 1842) was a French explorer and naval officer who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica. As a botanist and cartographer, he gave his nam ...

Voyage de l'Astrolabe. ''Faune entomologique de l'Océanie par le'' Dr Boisduval. ''Tome 1 : Lepidoptéres'' (1832) published; Tome 2 Coléoptères, Hémiptères, Orthoptères, Névroptères, Hyménoptères et Diptères was published in 1835. *

Felipe Poey Felipe Poey (May 26, 1799 – January 28, 1891) was a Cuban zoologist. Biography Poey was born in Havana, the son of French and Spanish parents. He spent several years (1804 to 1807) of his life in Pau then studied law in Madrid. He became a ...

''Centurie de Lépidoptères de l'Ile de Cuba'' published at Paris. * Hermann Friedrich Stannius ''Beiträge zur Entomologie, besondere in Bezug auf Schlesien, gemeinschaftlich mit Schumme''l. Breslau, published. 1833 * Alexander Henry Haliday, ''An essay on the classification of the parasitic Hymenoptera of Britain which correspond with the Ichneumones minuti of Linnaeus.'' Entomol. Mag. First part of a seminal work on Hymenoptera erecting major taxa (phylogenetic divisions). * Carl Johan Schönherr,

and

Carl Henrik Boheman Carl Henrik Boheman (10 July 1796 – 2 November 1868) was a Swedish entomologist. Boheman studied at Lund University and trained as an officer, participating in the invasion of Norway in 1814. He had been an enthusiastic entomologist since chi ...

. ''Genera and species of Curculionidae''. 8 vols. Paris,1833-1844 commenced. *Francis Walker, ''Monographia Chalcidum''. London, 1833–1842, commenced. Much of this work was collaborative with Alexander Henry Haliday who was the sole author of the sectional diagnoses. *

Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat Louis Alexandre Auguste Chevrolat was a French entomologist, born 29 March 1799 in Paris and died 16 December 1884 in Paris. In government service in Paris, this amateur entomologist studied mainly beetles and birds. He published nearly 250 note ...

, Coléoptères de Mexique. *

, ''Catalogue des Coléoptères''. Paris. *

George Robert Gray George Robert Gray FRS (8 July 1808 – 6 May 1872) was an English zoologist and author, and head of the ornithological section of the British Museum, now the Natural History Museum, in London for forty-one years. He was the younger brother ...

''The Entomology of Australia: Monograph of the Genus Phasma'' Volume 1 Masterly work on Phasmidae.The first work on this group since Caspar Stoll (1780). Very often a monograph is separated from its successor by thirty to fifty years. *

''Report on the Geology, Mineralogy, Botany, and Zoology of Massachusetts'' published. *

Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg (16 February 1801– 24 October 1871) was a German zoologist, botanist, entomologist, and forester. Biography Ratzeburg was born in Berlin, the son of a professor at the veterinary school of the University o ...

''Die Forstinsekten'', Berlin 1837–1844 commenced. This is a founding work of forest entomology. 1834 *

Entomological Society of London The Royal Entomological Society is devoted to the study of insects. Its aims are to disseminate information about insects and improving communication between entomologists. The society was founded in 1833 as the Entomological Society of Londo ...

founded. *

François-Louis Laporte, comte de Castelnau François-Louis Nompar de Caumont Laporte, comte de Castelnau (born ''François-Louis Nompar de Caumont La Force''; 24 December 1802 – 4 February 1880) was a French naturalist, known also as François Laporte or Francis de Castelnau. The stand ...

''Études entomologique. Introduction à l’entomologie'' in ''

Suites à Buffon Les ''Suites à Buffon'' is a French 19th-century scientific publication. Les ''Suites à Buffon'' carries the complete title ''Suites à Buffon formant avec les œuvres de cet auteur un cours complet d'histoire naturelle embrassant les trois rè ...

''. Paris 1834–1863. * Pierre-Justin-Marie Macquart ''Histoire Naturelle des Insectes Diptères'' published. 1835 *

Constantin Wesmael Constantin Wesmael (4 October 1798, in Brussels – 26 October 1872, near to Saint-Josse-ten-Noode) was a Belgian entomologist. Life Of modest origin, he was granted a bursary to study law. He taught, initially, humanities in Charleroi be ...

commences publication of ''Monographie des Braconides de Belgique'' 1836 * Alfred Ronalds. ''

The Fly-fisher's Entomology ''The Fly-Fisher's Entomology, Illustrated by Coloured Representations of the Natural and Artificial Insect and Accompanied by a Few Observations and Instructions Relative to Trout-and-Grayling Fishing'', first published in 1836 by Alfred Ronald ...

'' first edition published. *

Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson Dr Wilhelm Ferdinand Erichson (26 November 1809 in Stralsund – 18 December 1848 in Berlin) was a trained medical doctor and a German entomologist. He was the author of many articles about insects mainly in ''Archiv für Naturgeschichte''. When ...

published ''Die Kafer der Mark Brandenburg''. * Charles Athanase Walckenaer and

Paul Gervais Paul Gervais full name François Louis Paul Gervais (26 September 1816 – 10 February 1879) was a French palaeontologist and entomologist. Biography Gervais was born in Paris, where he obtained the diplomas of doctor of science and of medicine ...

commenced ''Histoire naturelle des insectes''. 1837 *

Oswald Heer Oswald Heer (or Oswald von Heer) (31 August 1809 – 27 September 1883), Swiss geologist and naturalist, was born at Niederuzwil in Canton of St. Gallen and died in Lausanne. Biography Oswald Heer was educated as a clergyman at Halle an ...

published ''Die Kafer der Schweiz'' *Second edition of John Curtis "''A guide to the arrangement of British insects being a catalogue of all the named species hitherto discovered in'' Great Britain ''and'' Ireland " published. The list contains 1500 generic and 15,000 specific names. *

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (naturalist) Count Carl Gustaf Mannerheim (10 August 1797 – 9 October 1854) was a Finnish entomologist and governor of the Viipuri province in the Grand Duchy of Finland. Career From 1819 he served as the secretary to the Finnish Minister Secretary of S ...

''Mémoire sur quelques genres et espèces de Carabiques'' published. *

Achille Rémy Percheron Achille Rémy Percheron (25 January 1797 Paris – 1869) was a French entomologist. He listed, in ''Bibliographie entomologique'' more than 5 000 authors and 500 anonymous contributions. Works *With Hippolyte Louis Gory Hippolyte Louis Gory (2 ...

publishes ''Bibliographie entomologique'' listing more than 5 000 authors and 500 anonymous contributions. 1838 *

Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (20 May 1785 – 23 December 1874) was a Swedish naturalist who worked mainly on Diptera and Hymenoptera. Biography Zetterstedt studied at the University of Lund, where he was a pupil of Anders Jahan Retzius. He rec ...

''Insecta Lapponica Descripta''. Leipzig: Voss 1145pp (1838–1842) commences publication. *

Benjamin Dann Walsh Benjamin Dann Walsh (September 21, 1808 – November 18, 1869) was an English-born American entomologist who served as the first official state entomologist in Illinois.Mallis (1971) He was a leading influence during a time of significant tra ...

left England for the

United States of America The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...

. He was a pioneer of applied entomology. 1839 *

John Obadiah Westwood John Obadiah Westwood (22 December 1805 – 2 January 1893) was an English entomologist and archaeologist also noted for his artistic talents. He published several illustrated works on insects and antiquities. He was among the first entomologist ...

. First part of ''An introduction to the modern classification of insects''. ( 1839–1840) published. *

John Forbes Royle John Forbes Royle (10 May 1798 – 2 January 1858), British botanist and teacher of materia medica, was born in Kanpur (then Cawnpore) in 1798. He was in charge of the botanical garden at Saharanpur and played a role in the development of econom ...

''Illustrations of the Botany and Other Branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the Flora of Cashmere'' published. This work resembles 18th century works in its sumptuous illustration. *

Meyers Konversations-Lexikon ' or ' was a major encyclopedia in the German language that existed in various editions, and by several titles, from 1839 to 1984, when it merged with the '. Joseph Meyer (1796–1856), who had founded the publishing house in 1826, intended t ...

commenced. Entomology was a favourite topic. 1839 *

Étienne Mulsant Martial Étienne Mulsant (2 March 1797, Marnand, Rhône – 4 November 1880) was a French entomologist and ornithologist. Biography Initially employed in commerce, Mulsant wrote ''Lettres à Julie sur l'entomologie, suivies d'une description mé ...

. ''Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France''.13 pts. Paris and Lyon,1839-1863 published. *

'' Manual of British Coleoptera or Beetles '' This work contains diagnoses of 3462 species and remained the standard work until the appearance of the ''Handbook of the Coleoptera'' by H.E. Cox was published in 1875. An instance of the longevity of some taxonomic works. * Alexander Henry Haliday, ''Hymenopterorum Synopsis and Methodum Fallenii ut plurimum accomodata'' (

Belfast Belfast ( , ; from ga, Béal Feirste , meaning 'mouth of the sand-bank ford') is the capital and largest city of Northern Ireland, standing on the banks of the River Lagan on the east coast. It is the 12th-largest city in the United Kingdom ...

) 8 4pg. s.titulo. This work on classification was privately printed. Very few copies survive. The same is true of many important works of other authors. * Edward Newman founded ''The Entomologist '' (an insect magazine) at London. *

Giuseppe Gené Carlo Giuseppe Gené (7 December 1800 – 14 July 1847) was an Italian naturalist and author. Gené was born at Turbigo in Lombardy and studied at the University of Pavia. He published a number of papers on natural history, particularly ent ...

De quibusdam insectis

Sardinia Sardinia ( ; it, Sardegna, label=Italian, Corsican and Tabarchino ; sc, Sardigna , sdc, Sardhigna; french: Sardaigne; sdn, Saldigna; ca, Sardenya, label=Algherese and Catalan) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after ...

e novis aut minus cognitis. ''Fascicle 2. Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino'' (2)1: 43-84 1840 * Jean Baptiste Alphonse Dechauffour de Boisduval ''Genera et index methodicus Europaeorum lepidopterorum''. published in Paris. *

Theodor Becker Theodor Becker (23 June 1840 in Plön – 30 June 1928 in Liegnitz) was a Danish-born German civil engineer and entomologist primarily known for studies on the taxonomy of flies. He worked with Paul Stein, Mario Bezzi, and Kálmán Kertész ...

born. * Jan Dzierżon designed a movable-frame beehive, the first of many apicultural advances he initiated. 1841 *

William Wilson Saunders William Wilson Saunders FRS (4 June 1809 – 13 September 1879) was a British insurance broker, entomologist and botanist. Saunders was an underwriter at Lloyd's of London. He served as president of the Entomological Society from 1841 to 18 ...

becomes president of the Entomological Society of London. 1842 *

Jean Victoire Audouin Jean Victor Audouin (27 April 1797 – 9 November 1841), sometimes Victor Audouin, was a French naturalist, an entomologist, herpetologist, ornithologist, and malacologist. Biography Audouin was born in Paris and was educated in the field of me ...

publishes ''Histoire des insectes nuisibles à la vigne et particulièrement de la Pyrale''. *

Jules Pierre Rambur Jules Pierre Rambur (21 July 1801 – 10 August 1870) was a French entomologist. Rambur was born in Chinon. He studied the insect fauna of Corsica and Andalusia. He was the author of ''Histoire naturelle des insectes'' (1842) amongst other wo ...

publishes ''Histoire naturelle des insectes''. 1843 * Johann Heinrich Kaltenbach. Published ''Monographie der familien der Pflanzenhause''at Aachen. A monograph on Thysanoptera. *

Henry Noel Humphreys Henry Noel Humphreys (1810–1879), Humphreys, Henry Noel, in Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 28. was a British illustrator, naturalist, entomologist, and numismatist. Humphreys was born on 4 January 1810 in Birmingham, th ...

, an illustrator and

''British Moths and their Transformations'' London: William Smith, 1843-1845. 2 Volumes. Humphreys orchestrated the overall work and provided all illustrations. Westwood provided the various scientific descriptions. * Anders Gustaf Dahlbom ''Hymenoptera Europaea Praecipue Borealia'' 1-2. Lundberg, Lund 1008 pp. commenced publication (completed 1854) *

Alcide d'Orbigny Alcide Charles Victor Marie Dessalines d'Orbigny (6 September 1802 – 30 June 1857) was a French naturalist who made major contributions in many areas, including zoology (including malacology), palaeontology, geology, archaeology and anthropol ...

began ''Dictionnaire Universel d'Histoire Naturelle''. This work was finished in 1849. 1844 * Thomas Workman born. Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky 1810-1871

Victor Ivanovitsch Motschulsky 1810-1871

1845 *

Netherlands Entomological Society The Netherlands Entomological Society ( nl, Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, abbreviated NEV) was founded in 1845 for the purpose of improving and promoting entomology in the Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , imag ...

founded. 1846 *

Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution ( ), or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums and education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge". Founded ...

founded in

Washington, D.C. ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...

* Ida Laura Pfeiffer begins her first trip around the world. *

Friederike Lienig Friederike Lienig (December 8, 1790 – 7 June, 1855) was a Latvian entomologist. Four species of tiny moths are named after her. One is '' Cosmopterix lienigiella''. At first self taught she was later instructed by Philipp Christoph Zeller at th ...

publishes ''Lepidopterologische Fauna von Livland und Curland'' 1847 * Edmond Ruffin publishes a study of the life history and cultural control of the "Corn or fly-weevil" ('' Sitotroga cerealella'' Olivier) in the ''Farmers Register''. Fourteen years later Edmond Ruffin pulled the lanyard on one of the columbiads off Morris Island the first shot fired in the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states ...

but not the first entomologist to engage in violent politics. *

Hercule Nicolet Hercule Nicolet (18 January 1801 Neuchâtel – 16 September 1872) born Louis-Ami-Hercule Nicolet, was a Swiss lithographer, natural history illustrator, librarian at '' École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort'' from 1861 to 1870, and entomologi ...

''Essai sur une classification des insectes aptères, de l'ordre des Thysanoures''. 1848 * Carl Theodore Ernst von Siebold establishes the phylum

Arthropoda Arthropods (, (gen. ποδός)) are invertebrate animals with an exoskeleton, a segmented body, and paired jointed appendages. Arthropods form the phylum Arthropoda. They are distinguished by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin, ...

. * Maximilien de Chaudoir.''Memoire sur la famille des Carabiques''. 6 parts.published at Moscow. *

''The Cabinet of Oriental Entomology'' * Charles Jean Baptiste Amyot 1848. ''Entomologie Française. Rhynchotes. Méthode mononymique'' Paris, J.-B. Bailliere, Libraire de l'Acad. An important step forward in the classification of Coleoptera. Siebold 1804-1885

1849 *

''Species des Coléoptères Trimères sécuripalpes''. 2 parts.Lyon,1849-1853. * Hope Chair of Zoology established at Oxford by

Frederick William Hope Frederick William Hope (3 January 1797 – 15 April 1862) was an English clergyman, naturalist, collector, and entomologist, who founded a professorship at the University of Oxford to which he gave his entire collections of insects in 1849 (now ...

and occupied by

. *

Alexander von Humboldt Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (14 September 17696 May 1859) was a German polymath, geographer, naturalist, explorer, and proponent of Romantic philosophy and science. He was the younger brother of the Prussian minister, ...

.''Ansichten der Natur''.Stuttgart.

19th century

See also